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The Subway That Took a Generation: Why the Eglinton Crosstown’s Delays Were Even Worse Than You Think

  Toronto has a long history of transit projects that drag on, but the Eglinton Crosstown LRT has become the city’s defining example of how complicated, political, and painfully slow building transit can be. Most people think of the project as something that started in the early 2010s and simply ran over schedule. The truth is far messier—and stretches back decades. A Project With Roots in the 1990s Long before shovels hit the ground in 2011, the idea of rapid transit along Eglinton was already alive. In the mid‑1990s, the TTC began digging tunnels for what was then called the Eglinton West Subway . Construction actually started—tunnels were being carved out under the street—until the project was abruptly cancelled in 1995. The partially built tunnels were filled in, and the corridor sat untouched for years. That early false start meant that by the time the Crosstown was revived as part of the Transit City plan in 2007, planners weren’t starting fresh. They were restarting a dr...
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Understanding the Causes of Lung Cancer: Beyond Smoking

 

Lung cancer is a significant health concern worldwide, often associated with smoking. However, it’s important to recognize that smoking is not the only cause of this disease. Here, we explore various factors contributing to lung cancer.

Smoking and Lung Cancer

Smoking remains the leading cause of lung cancer, responsible for about 80% of lung cancer deaths. The harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke damage lung tissue, leading to cancerous changes over time. Even exposure to secondhand smoke can increase the risk of developing lung cancer.

Non-Smoking Related Causes

  1. Radon Exposure: Radon is a radioactive gas found naturally in the environment. It can accumulate in homes and buildings, posing a significant risk for lung cancer.
  2. Air Pollution: Long-term exposure to polluted air, especially in urban areas, can increase the risk of lung cancer. Pollutants such as diesel exhaust and industrial emissions are particularly harmful.
  3. Asbestos and Other Carcinogens: Occupational exposure to asbestos, a material used in construction and manufacturing, is a well-known risk factor. Other workplace chemicals, such as arsenic and certain organic compounds, also contribute to lung cancer risk.
  4. Genetic Factors: Genetics can play a role in lung cancer development. Some people may inherit genetic mutations that increase their susceptibility to the disease.

Symptoms and Early Detection

Early symptoms of lung cancer can include a persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and unexplained weight loss. Early detection through screening, especially for high-risk individuals, can significantly improve treatment outcomes.

Prevention and Risk Reduction

  • Quit Smoking: The most effective way to reduce lung cancer risk is to quit smoking. The benefits of quitting begin almost immediately and continue to grow over time.
  • Test for Radon: Homeowners should test for radon and take necessary steps to reduce high levels.
  • Avoid Carcinogens: Minimize exposure to known carcinogens at work and in the environment.
  • Healthy Lifestyle: Maintaining a healthy diet and regular exercise can support overall lung health.

Understanding the diverse causes of lung cancer is crucial for prevention and early intervention. By addressing both smoking and non-smoking related risks, we can work towards reducing the incidence of this serious disease.


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